1. Frontend (Client-Side)
HTML: Structure of the web page.
CSS: Styling and layouts.
JavaScript: Interactivity and dynamic features (e.g., React, Angular, Vue).
2. Backend (Server-Side)
Languages: Node.js, Python, PHP, Java, Ruby, etc.
Frameworks: Django, Express, Laravel, etc.
Databases: SQL (MySQL, PostgreSQL) or NoSQL (MongoDB).
APIs: REST or GraphQL for communication.
3. DevOps and Hosting
Web Servers: Apache, Nginx.
Hosting/Cloud: AWS, Google Cloud, Vercel, Netlify.
Version Control: Git (GitHub, GitLab).
Containerization: Docker, Kubernetes.
4. Additional Tools
CMS: WordPress (optional for content-heavy sites).
SEO and Performance: Google Lighthouse, CDNs (Cloudflare).
Popular stacks include MERN (MongoDB, Express, React, Node) and LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP).